Humboldt Bay Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation Final Safety Analysis Report Update

Author N/A - Final Safety Analysis Report Update Revision 11 NRC Docket No. 72-2

Installation and Commissioning Automated Demand Response Systems

Demand Response (DR) can be defined as actions taken to reduce electric loads when contingencies, such as emergencies and congestion, occur that threaten supply-demand balance, or market conditions raise supply costs. California utilities have offered price and reliability DR based programs to customers to help reduce electric peak demand. The lack of knowledge about the DR programs and how to develop and implement DR control strategies is a barrier to participation in DR programs, as is the lack of automation of DR systems. Most DR activities are manual and require people to first receive notifications, and then act on the information to execute DR strategies. Levels of automation in DR can be defined as follows. Manual Demand Response involves a labor-intensive approach such as manually turning off or changing comfort set points at each equipment switch or controller. Semi-Automated Demand Response involves a pre-programmed demand response strategy initiated by a person via centralized control system. Fully-Automated Demand Response does not involve human intervention, but is initiated at a home, building, or facility through receipt of an external communications signal. The receipt of the external signal initiates pre-programmed demand response strategies. We refer to this as Auto-DR (Piette et. al. 2005). Auto-DR for commercial and industrial facilities can be defined as fully automated DR initiated by a signal from a utility or other appropriate entity and that provides fully-automated connectivity to customer end-use control strategies. One important concept in Auto-DR is that a homeowner or facility manager should be able to 'opt out' or 'override' a DR event if the event comes at time when the reduction in end-use services is not desirable. Therefore, Auto-DR is not handing over total control of the equipment or the facility to the utility but simply allowing the utility to pass on grid related information which then triggers facility defined and programmed strategies if convenient to the facility. From 2003 through 2006 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC) developed and tested a series of demand response automation communications technologies known as Automated Demand Response (Auto-DR). In 2007, LBNL worked with three investor-owned utilities to commercialize and implement Auto-DR programs in their territories. This paper summarizes the history of technology development for Auto-DR, and describes the DR technologies and control strategies utilized at many of the facilities. It outlines early experience in commercializing Auto-DR systems within PG&E DR programs, including the steps to configure the automation technology. The paper also describes the DR sheds derived using three different baseline methodologies. Emphasis is given to the lessons learned from installation and commissioning of Auto-DR systems, with a detailed description of the technical coordination roles and responsibilities, and costs

Comment letters to the National Commission on Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987 (Treadway Commission) Vol. 2

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_sop/1662/thumbnail.jp

Ambient air mercury concentrations at the geysers

From June 19 to December 16, 1986, PG&E conducted ambient air mercury measurements at six stations downwind of The Geysers in Lake County. The stations were located in populated areas on the eastern side, within the geothermal field at worst-case locations, and adjacent to geothermal plants and old mercury mining facilities. The mercury measurements were taken for 24 hours on a six-day cycle. The lower detection limit of this technique was approximately 1 ng/m3 (nanogram per cubic meter) of air. Overall, the ambient levels of gaseous mercury were low. The average was 5.8 ng/m for the test period, with a maximum concentration of 23.6 ng/m3.These data are similar to the estimated average atmospheric levels worldwide, 10 ng/m3. A statistically significant relationship was determined to exist between ambient mercury and air temperature. A correlation was also evident between rainfall and a decrease of mercury concentrations during the testing period

Pacific service magazine.

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